IRON ORE
Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements, constituting about 5% of the Earth’s crust. It is the fourth most abundant element after oxygen, silicon and aluminium and, after aluminium, the most abundant and widely distributed metal.

It is important to be aware that “coal” can cover a variety of finished products of differing values and requiring different treatment. The main division is between “coking” coal and “energy or steaming” coal.

Bitumen has a number of applications but its use for construction and maintenance of roads either directly or through asphalt accounts for nearly 90% of all demand. Key bitumen types for road applications including paving grades, cutback bitumen, and bitumen emulsions.

Petroleum coke (petcoke) is one of many valued consumer products produced during the oil refining process. Crude oil is processed into gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubricating oils and waxes, leaving some residual crude that usually undergoes additional processing.

LNG, or liquefied natural gas, consists mostly of methane and is cooled to approximately -256 degrees Fahrenheit so that it can be transported from countries that have more natural gas than they need to countries that use more natural gas than they produce.

Ethanol is a renewable biofuel because it is made from biomass. Ethanol is a clear, colorless alcohol made from a variety of biomass materials called feedstocks (the raw materials used to make a product).

A naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits. Crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals. Although it is often called “black gold,” crude oil has ranging viscosity and can vary in color to various shades of black and yellow depending on its hydrocarbon composition.

Marine fuel is a blanket term that describes five individual types of fuel used in maritime vehicles. These fuels are categorized their blends and viscosity.

Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature, among other properties.

Unleaded gasoline is available for all markets and has been developed to help keep vital engine parts like intake valves and fuel injectors clean. This helps improve fuel economy.

Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel’s physical properties are similar to those of petroleum diesel, but it is a cleaner-burning alternative.

Diesel fuel is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. (Glow plugs, grid heaters and heater blocks help achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather.)

D2 Diesel Fuel Is the Broad Category for the Second Distillate of Crude Oil. Ultra-Low Sulfur Grades Of D2, Such As GOST 305-82 (Russia), Reduces the Sulfur Content to A Maximum Of 0.02 Percent And In Turn Reduces Sulfur Pollution Emissions.

A Technical Kerosene Used In Turbine Driven Aircraft. A Less Commonly Used Aviation Fuel Vs Jet A1 or TS-1 the Russian Grade of Technical Kerosene.

EN 590 Is a Standard Published By the European Committee for Standardization That Describes the Physical Properties That All Automotive Diesel Fuel Must Meet If It Is To Be Sold In the European Union and Several Other European Countries.

It Is Generated From Crude Distillation Process and Is Used To Efficiently Power Internal Combustion Diesel Engines. Automotive Gas Oil, or AGO, Is the Name Given To Fuel Intended for Use in Road Vehicles (Trucks, Buses, Vans and Cars) Powered By Diesel Engines

Jet A-1 Is a Kerosene Grade of Fuel Suitable For Most Turbine Engine Aircraft. It Is Produced To a Stringent Internationally Agreed Standard, Has a Flash Point above 38°C (100°F) and a Freeze Point Maximum of -47°C